Insights
A canine stool score remains a useful clinical shorthand. It records consistency, moisture and form, helping veterinary teams track change during dietary…
Canine obesity is a complex nutritional and metabolic disorder, not simply the result of a dog eating too much. Energy intake, activity, genetics, age,…
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in older cats and is managed through a combination of nutrition, hydration, blood pressure control and regular…
The relationship between the intestinal microbiome and canine behaviour is becoming increasingly relevant in everyday veterinary medicine. Gut bacteria…
Feline diarrhoea can reflect acute infection, chronic enteropathy, dietary intolerance, parasitism, inflammatory disease, or a combination of these processes.…
The intestinal mucosa is a busy biological boundary where a dog’s epithelial cells, immune system, diet and resident microbes meet. In canine inflammatory…
The gut microbiome has moved from a specialist research topic into everyday small-animal practice. For veterinarians, the challenge is to translate findings…
The role of gut bacteria in production of short-chain fatty acids in cats is an important area of companion-animal nutrition and gastrointestinal medicine.…
Antimicrobial stewardship is increasingly central to companion-animal medicine because antibiotic decisions influence more than the immediate infection. In…
A kitten’s gastrointestinal microbiome changes rapidly from birth through weaning and sexual maturity. These shifts influence digestion, immune education,…